There are a wide range of causes of Renal Stone Disease:
- Idiopathic.
- Hypercalcaemia.
- Uric acid pathology.
- Gastrointestinal – IBD, Bariatric Surgery.
- UTIs.
Metabolic
- Nephrocalcinosis.
- Sarcoidosis.
- Cystinuria (type A, B, AB).
- Primary hyperoxaluria (PH).
- Renal tubular acidosis (RTA).
- Type I, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine.
- Xanthinuria.
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Structural
- Cystic fibrosis.
- Medullary sponge kidney (tubular ectasia).
- Ureteropelvic junction (PUJ) obstruction.
- Calyceal diverticulum.
- Calyceal cyst.
- Ureteric stricture.
- Horseshoe kidney.
- Ureterocoele.
- Foreign body in the kidney e.g. retained stent.
Medicines
- Anhydrase inhibitors.
- Calcium supplements.
- Vitamin C or D.
- Probenecid.
- Triamterene, chemotherapy.
